Friday DIVE – Romans 1:26-32 – Universal Guilt (Part 2)

From Barclay’s commentary …

Paul goes on another step.  What did the sinner do?  Instead of looking out to God, he looked into himself.  He involved himself in vain speculations and thought he was wise, while all the time he was a fool.  Why?  He was a fool because he made his ideas, his opinions, his speculations the standard and the law of life, instead of the will of God.  The sinner’s folly consisted in making “man the master of things.”  He found his standards in his own opinions and not in the laws of God.  He lived in a self-centred instead of a God-centred universe.  Instead of walking looking out to God, he walked looking into himself, and, like any man who does not look where he is going, he fell.  

The result of this was idolatry.  The glory of God was exchanged for images of human and animal forms.  The root sin of idolatry is that it is selfish.  A man makes an idol.  He brings it offerings and addresses prayers to it.  Why?  So that his own schemes and dreams may be furthered.  His worship is for his own sake and not for God’s.  

In this passage we are face to face with the fact that the essence of sin is to put self in the place of God.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up to uncleanness, in the lusts of their hearts, to dishonor their bodies among themselves, ²⁵ who exchanged the truth of God for the lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever.  Amen.   

From Barclay’s commentary …

The word translated desires/lusts (epithumia) is the key to this passage. Aristotle defined epithumia as a reaching out after pleasure.  The Stoics defined it as a reaching after pleasure which defies all reason.  Clement of Alexandria called it an unreasonable reaching for that which will gratify itself.  Epithumia is the passionate desire for forbidden pleasure.  It is the desire which makes men do nameless and shameless things.  It is the way of life of a man who has become so completely immersed in the world that he has ceased to be aware of God at all.   

It is a terrible thing to talk of God abandoning anyone.  And yet there are two reasons for that. 

(i) God gave man free-will, and he respects that free-will.  In the last analysis not even he can interfere with it.  In Eph.4:19, Paul speaks of men who have abandoned themselves to lasciviousness; they have surrendered their whole will to it.  Hosea (Hos.4:17) has the terrible sentence: “Ephraim is joined to idols; let him alone.”  Before man there stands an open choice; and it has to be so.  Without choice there can be no goodness and without choice there can be no love.  A coerced goodness is not real goodness; and a coerced love is not love at all.  If men deliberately choose to turn their backs on God after he has sent his Son Jesus Christ into the world, not even he can do anything about it.  

When Paul speaks of God abandoning men to uncleanness, the word abandon has no angry irritation in it.  Indeed, its main note is not even condemnation and judgment, but wistful, sorrowful regret, as of a lover who has done all that he can and can do no more.  It describes exactly the feeling of the father when he saw his son turn his back on his home and go out to the far country.   

(ii) And yet in this word abandon there is more than that — there is judgment.  It is one of the grim facts of life that the more a man sins the easier it is to sin.  He may begin with a kind of shuddering awareness of what he is doing, and end by sinning without a second thought.  It is not that God is punishing him; he is bringing punishment upon himself and steadily making himself the slave of sin. The Jews knew this, and they had certain great sayings upon this idea. “Every fulfilment of duty is rewarded by another; and every transgression is punished by another.”  “Whosoever strives to keep himself pure receives the power to do so; and whosoever is impure, to him is the door of vice thrown open.”  “He who erects a fence around himself is fenced, and he who gives himself over is given over.”  

The most terrible thing about sin is just this power to beget sin.  It is the awful responsibility of free-will that it can be used in such a way that in the end it is obliterated and a man becomes the slave of sin, self-abandoned to the wrong way.  And sin is always a lie, because the sinner thinks that it will make him happy, whereas in the end it ruins life, both for himself and for others, in this world and in the world to come.   

²⁶ For this reason God gave them upto vile passions.  For even their ^[i]women ^(females) exchanged the natural use for what is against nature.  ²⁷ Likewise also the ^[j]men ^(males), leaving the natural use of the ^[k]woman ^(female), burned in their lust for one another, men with men committing what is shameful, and receiving in themselves the penalty of their error which was due.  

From Barclay’s commentary …

Romans 1:26-32 might seem the work of some almost hysterical moralist who was exaggerating the contemporary situation and painting it in colours of rhetorical hyperbole.  It describes a situation of degeneracy of morals almost without parallel in human history.  But Paul said nothing that the Greek and Roman writers of the age did not themselves say.  

(i) It was an age when things seemed, as it were, out of control.   Virgil wrote: “Right and wrong are confounded; so many wars the world over, so many forms of wrong; no worthy honour is left to the plough; the husbandmen are marched away and the fields grow dirty; the hook has its curve straightened into the sword-blade.  In the East, Euphrates is stirring up the war, in the West, Germany; nay, close-neighbouring cities break their mutual league and draw the sword, and the war god’s unnatural fury rages over the whole world; even as when in the circus the chariots burst from their floodgates, they dash into the course, and, pulling desperately at the reins, the driver lets the horses drive him, and the car is deaf to the curb.”  

It was a world where violence had run amok.  When Tacitus came to write the history of this period, he wrote: “I am entering upon the history of a period, rich in disasters, gloomy with wars, rent with seditions, savage in its very hours of peace.  

All was one delirium of hate and terror; slaves were bribed to betray their masters, freedmen their patrons.  He who had no foe was destroyed by his friend.”   Suetonius, writing of the reign of Tiberius, said: “No day passed but someone was executed.”  It was an age of sheer, utter terror.  Rome,” said Livy, the historian, “could neither bear its ills nor the remedies that might have cured them.”  Propertius, the poet, wrote: “I see Rome, proud Rome, perishing, the victim of her own prosperity.”  It was an age of moral suicide.  Juvenal, the satirist, wrote: “The earth no longer brings forth any but bad men and cowards.  Hence God, whoever he is, looks down, laughs at them and hates them.”  

To the thinking man it was an age when things seemed out of control, and when, in the background, a man could hear the mocking laughter of the gods.  As Seneca said, it was an age “stricken with the agitation of a soul no longer master of itself.”  

(ii) It was an age of unparalleled luxury.   In the public baths of Rome the hot and cold water ran from silver taps.  Caligula had even sprinkled the floor of the circus arena with gold dust instead of sawdust.  Juvenal said bitterly: “A luxury more ruthless than war broods over Rome.  No guilt or deed of lust is wanting since Roman poverty disappeared.”  “Money, the nurse of debauchery and enervating riches sapped the sinews of the age with foul luxury.”  Seneca spoke of “money, the ruin of the true honour of things,” and said, “we ask not what a thing truly is but what it costs.”  It was an age so weary of ordinary things that it was avid for new sensations.  Lucretius speaks of “that bitterness which flows from the very fountain of pleasure.”  Crime became the only antidote to boredom, until, as Tacitus said, “the greater the infamy, the wilder the delight.”  

(iii) It was an age of unparalleled immorality.   There had not been one single case of divorce in the first 520 years of the history of the Roman republic.  The first Roman recorded as having divorced his wife was Spurius Carvilius Ruga in 234 B.C.  But now, as Seneca said, “women were married to be divorced and divorced to be married.”  Roman high-born matrons dated the years by the names of their husbands, and not by the names of the consuls.  Juvenal could not believe that it was possible to have the rare good fortune to find a matron with unsullied chastity.  Clement of Alexandria speaks of the typical Roman society lady as “girt like Venus with a golden girdle of vice.”  Juvenal writes: “Is one husband enough for lberina? Sooner will you prevail upon her to be content with one eye.”  He cites the case of a woman who had eight husbands in five years.  He cites the incredible case of Agrippina, the empress herself, the wife of Claudius, who at night used to leave the royal palace and go down to serve in a brothel for the sake of sheer lust.  “They show a dauntless spirit in those things they basely dare.”  There is nothing that Paul said about the heathen world that the heathen moralists had not themselves already said.  And vice did not stop with the crude and natural vices.  Society from top to bottom was riddled with unnatural vice.  Fourteen out of the first fifteen Roman Emperors were homosexuals.  

So far from exaggerating the picture Paul drew it with restraint — and it was there that he was eager to preach the gospel, and it was there that he was not ashamed of the gospel of Christ.  The world needed the power that would work salvation, and Paul knew that nowhere else than in Christ did that power exist.  

²⁸ And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to  a debased mind, to  do those things which are not fitting; ²⁹ being filled with all unrighteousness,  ^[l]sexual immorality^(–NU), wickedness, ^[m]covetousness ^(greed), ^[n]maliciousness ^(malice); full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, evil-mindedness; they are whisperers, ³⁰ backbiters, haters of God, violent, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents,  ^31 [o]undiscerning (without understanding), untrustworthy, unloving, ^[p]unforgiving^(–NU), unmerciful;    

debased = reduced in quality or value …

From Barclay’s commentary …

There is hardly any passage which so clearly shows what happens to a man when he leaves God out of the reckoning.  It is not so much that God sends a judgment on a man, as that a man brings a judgment on himself when he gives no place to God in his scheme of things.  When a man banishes God from his life, he becomes a certain kind of man, and in this passage is one of the most terrible descriptions in literature of the kind of man he becomes.  Let us took at the catalogue of dreadful things which enter into the godless life.  

Such men do things which are not fitting for any man to do.  The Stoics had a phrase.  They talked of ta kathekonta, by which they meant the things it befits a man to do.  Certain things are essentially and inherently part of manhood, and certain things are not.  As Shakespeare has it in Macbeth:

“I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none.”  

The man who banishes God not only loses godliness; he loses manhood too.

Then comes the long list of terrible things.  Let us take them one by one.  

Evil (adikia).  Adikia is the precise opposite of diaiosune, which means justice; and the Greeks defined justice as giving to God and to men their due.  The evil man is the man who robs both man and God of their rights.  He has so erected an altar to himself in the centre of things that he worships himself to the exclusion of God and man. 

Villainy (poneria).  In Greek this word means more than badness.  There is a kind of badness which, in the main, hurts only the person concerned. It is not essentially an outgoing badness.  When it hurts others, as all badness must, the hurt is not deliberate.  It may be thoughtlessly cruel, but it is not callously cruel.  But the Greeks defined poneria as the desire of doing harm.  It is the active, deliberate will to corrupt and to inflict injury.  When the Greeks described a woman as “poneria” they meant that she deliberately seduced the innocent from their innocence.  In Greek, one of the commonest titles of Satan is ho poneros, the evil one, the one who deliberately attacks and aims to destroy the goodness of men.  Poneros describes the man who is not only bad but wants to make everyone as bad as himself.  Poneria is destructive badness.

The lust to get (pleonexia).  The Greek word is built up of two words which mean to have more.  The Greeks themselves defined pleonexia as the accursed love of having.  It is an aggressive vice.  It has been described as the spirit which will pursue its own interests with complete disregard for the rights of others, and even for the considerations of common humanity.  Its keynote is rapacity.  Theodoret, the Christian writer, describes it as the spirit that aims at more, the spirit which grasps at things which it has no right to take.  It may operate in every sphere of life. 

If it operates in the material sphere, it means grasping at money and goods, regardless of honour and honesty. 

If it operates in the ethical sphere, it means the ambition which tramples on others to gain something which is not properly meant for it. 

If it operates in the moral sphere, it means the unbridled lust which takes its pleasure where it has no right to take. 

Pleonexia is the desire which knows no law.  

Viciousness (kakia).  Kakia is the most general Greek word for “badness”.  It describes the case of a man who is destitute of every quality which would make him good.  For instance, a kakos krites is a judge destitute of the legal knowledge and the moral sense and uprightness of character which are necessary to make a good judge.  It is described by Theodoret as “the turn of the soul to the worse.”  The word he uses for turn is “rope” which means the turn of the balance.  A man who is kakos is a man the swing of whose life is towards the worse.  Kakia has been described as the essential viciousness which includes all vice and as the forerunner of all other sins.  It is the degeneracy out of which all sins grow and in which all sins flourish.

Envy (phthonos).  There is a good and a bad envy.  There is the envy which reveals to a man his own weakness and inadequacy, and which makes him eager to copy some great example.  And there is the envy which is essentially a grudging thing.  It looks at a fine person, and is not so much moved to aspire to that fineness, as to resent it.  It is the most warped and twisted of human emotions.  

Murder (phonos).  It has always to be remembered that Jesus immeasurably widened the scope of this word.  He insisted that not only the deed of violence but the spirit of anger and hatred must be eliminated.  He insisted that it is not enough only to keep from angry and savage action.  It is enough only when even the desire and the anger are banished from the heart.  We may never have struck a man in our lives, but who can say he never wanted to strike anyone?   As Aquinas said long ago, “Man regardeth the deed, but God seeth the intention.”  

Strife (eris). Its meaning is the contention which is born of envy, ambition, the desire for prestige, and place and prominence. It comes from the heart in which there is jealousy.  If a man is cleansed of jealousy, he has gone far to being cleansed of all that arouses contention and strife.  It is a God-given gift to be able to take as much pleasure in the successes of others as in one’s own.  

Deceit (dolos).  We best get the meaning of this from the corresponding verb (doloun).  Doloun has two characteristic usages.  It is used of debasing precious metals and of adulterating wines.  Dolos is deceit; it describes the quality of the man who has a tortuous and a twisted mind, who cannot act in a straightforward way, who stoops to devious and underhand methods to get his own way, who never does anything except with some kind of ulterior motive.  It describes the crafty cunning of the plotting intriguer who is found in every community and every society.  

The spirit which puts the worst construction on everything (kakoetheia). Kakoetheia means literally evil-naturedness.  At its widest it means malignity. Aristotle defined it in a narrower sense which it has always retained.  He said it was “the spirit which always supposes the worst about other people.”  Pliny called it “malignity of interpretation.”  Jeremy Taylor said that it is “a baseness of nature by which we take things by the wrong handle, and expound things always in the worst sense.”  It may well be that this is the commonest of all sins.  If there are two possible constructions to be put upon the action of any man, human nature will choose the worse.  It is terrifying to think how many reputations have been murdered in gossip over the teacups, with people maliciously putting a wrong interpretation upon a completely innocent action.  When we are tempted so to do, we ought to remember that God hears and remembers every word we speak.  

Whisperers and slanderers (Psithuristes and katalalos).  These two words describe people with slanderous tongues; but there is a difference between them. 

• • • Katalalos, slanderer, describes the man who trumpets his slanders abroad; he quite openly makes his accusations and tells his tales —
    • Psithuristes describes the man who whispers his malicious stories in the listener’s ear, who takes a man apart into a corner and whispers a character-destroying story. 

Both are bad, but the whisperer is the worse.  A man can at least defend himself against an open slander, but he is helpless against the secret whisperer who delights in destroying reputations.  

Haters of God (theostugeis).  This describes the man who hates God because he knows that he is defying him.  God is the barrier between him and his pleasures; he is the chain which keeps him from doing exactly as he likes.  He would gladly eliminate God if he could, for to him a godless world would be one where he would have, not liberty, but licence.  

Insolent men (hubristes).  Hubris was to the Greek the vice which supremely courted destruction at the hand of the gods.  It has two main lines of thought in it.  

(i) It describes the spirit of the man who is so proud that he defies God.  It is the insolent pride that goes before a fall.  It is the forgetting that man is a creature.  It is the spirit of the man who is so confident in his wealth, his power and his strength that he thinks that he can live life alone.  

(ii) It describes the man who is wantonly and sadistically cruel and insulting.  Aristotle describes it as the spirit which harms and grieves someone else, not for the sake of revenge and not for any advantage that may be gained from it, but simply for the sheer pleasure of hurting.  There are people who get pleasure from seeing someone wince at a cruel saying.  There are people who take a devilish delight in inflicting mental and physical pain on others. That is hubris; it is the sadism which finds delight in hurting others simply for the sake of hurting them.

Arrogant men (huperephanos).  This is the word which is three times used in scripture when it is said that God resists the proud. (Jas. 4:6; 1 Pet. 5:5; Prov. 3:34.)  Theophylact called it “the summit of all sins.”  Theophrastus was a Greek writer who wrote a series of famous character sketches, and he defined huperephania as “a certain contempt for everyone except oneself.”  He picks out the things in everyday life which are signs of this arrogance. The arrogant man, when he is asked to accept some office, refuses on the ground that he has not time to spare from his own business; he never looks at people on the street unless it pleases him to do so; he invites a man to a meal and then does not appear himself, but sends his servant to attend to his guest.  His whole life is surrounded with an atmosphere of contempt and he delights to make others feet small.

Braggarts (alazon).  Alazon is a word with an interesting history.  It literally means one who wanders about. It then became the stock word for wandering quacks who boast of cures that they have worked, and for cheapjacks who boast that their wares have an excellence which they are far from possessing.  The Greeks defined alazoneia as the spirit which pretends to have what it has not.  Xenophon said that the name belongs to those who pretend to be richer and braver than they are, and who promise to do what they are really unable to do in order to make some profit or gain.  Again, Theophrastus has a character study of such a man — the pretentious man, the snob.  He is the kind of man who boasts of trade deals which exist only in his imagination, of connections with influential people which do not exist at all, of gifts to charities and public services which he never gave or rendered.  He says about the house he lives in that it is really too small for him, and that he must buy a bigger one.  The braggart is out to impress others — and the world is still full of his like.  

Inventors of evil (epheuretes kakon).  The phrase describes the man who, so to speak, is not content with the usual, ordinary ways of sinning, but who seeks out new and recondite vices because he has grown blase and seeks a new thrill in some new sin.  

Disobedient to their parents (goneusin apeitheis).  Both Jews and Romans set obedience to parents very high in the scale of virtues.  It was one of the Ten Commandments that parents should be honoured.  In the early days of the Roman Republic, the patria potestas, the father’s power, was so absolute that he had the power of life and death over his family.  The reason for including this sin here is that, once the bonds of the family are loosened, wholesale degeneracy must necessarily follow. 

Senseless (asunetos). This word describes the man who is a fool, who cannot learn the lesson of experience, who will not use the mind and brain that God has given to him.   

Breakers of agreements (asunthetos).  This word would come with particular force to a Roman audience.  In the great days of Rome, Roman honesty was a wonderful thing. A man’s word was as good as his bond.  That was in fact one of the great differences between the Roman and the Greek.  The Greek was a born pilferer.  The Greeks used to say that if a governor or official was entrusted with one talent — 240 British pounds — even if there were ten clerks and accountants to check up on him, he was certain to succeed in embezzling some of it; while the Roman, whether as a magistrate in office or a general on a campaign, could deal with thousands of talents on his bare word alone, and never a penny went astray.  By using this word, Paul was recalling the Romans not only to the Christian ethic, but to their own standards of honour in their greatest days.

Without natural affections (astorgos).  Storge was the special Greek word for family love.  It was quite true that this was an age in which family love was dying.  Never was the life of the child so precarious as at this time.  Children were considered a misfortune.  When a child was born, it was taken and laid at the father’s feet.  If the father lifted it up that meant that he acknowledged it.  If he turned away and left it, the child was literally thrown out.  There was never a night when there were not thirty or forty abandoned children left in the Roman forum.  Even Seneca, great soul as he was, could write: “We kill a mad dog; we slaughter a fierce ox; we plunge the knife into sickly cattle lest they taint the herd; children who are born weakly and deformed we drown.”  The natural bonds of human affection had been destroyed.  

Pitiless (aneleemon).  There never was a time when human life was so cheap.  A slave could be killed or tortured by his master, for he was only a thing and the law gave his master unlimited power over him.  In a wealthy household, a slave was bringing in a tray of crystal glasses.  He stumbled and a glass fell and broke.  There and then his master had him flung into the fish pond in the middle of the courtyard where the savage lampreys devoured his living flesh.  It was an age pitiless in its very pleasures, for it was the great age of the gladiatorial games where people found their delight in seeing men kill each other. It was an age when the quality of mercy was gone.  

³² who, knowing the righteous judgment of God, that those who practice such things are deserving of death, not only do the same but also approve of those who practice them.